12/7/2023 0 Comments Number crosswords puzzlesCrossword puzzles are a learned skill but related to education although not all educated people are active puzzlers. In support of this hypothesis, we have previously reported that subjects who participated frequently in cognitively stimulating leisure activities had a later onset of cognitive decline and more rapid post-onset cognitive decline ( Hall et al., 2009). The cognitive reserve hypothesis suggests that some individual characteristics such as participation in cognitively stimulating activities or education result in maintenance of cognitive function in the face of accumulating dementia pathology in the brain ( Katzman, 1993 Stern, 2009). Although attempting to solve crossword puzzles is frequently mentioned and recommended in the popular press as a mentally stimulating activity, there is surprisingly little empirical support for their role in influencing the rate of cognitive aging.Ĭrossword puzzles might reduce risk of cognitive decline via their effect on improving cognitive reserve, direct disease modification effects, or they may be a marker for other healthy behaviors ( Verghese, Lipton, et al., 2003 Verghese et al., 2006). Fifteen percent of participants in the Bronx Aging study (BAS) reported doing crossword puzzles supporting this pastime’s popularity among older populations ( Verghese, Lipton, et al., 2003 Verghese et al., 2006). census bureau reported that 14 to 16% of the adult population did crossword puzzles, with at least half of the puzzlers doing it at least two or more times a week ( United States Census Bureau, 1998, 2008). ![]() The role of crossword puzzles in preventing cognitive decline is of particular interest given their wide availability (newspapers, books, and the Internet), easy accessibility, and minimal cost. However, not all studies have found these associations ( Aartsen, Smits, van Tilburg, Knipscheer, & Deeg, 2002).Įmpirical support for the amount of mental activity and its role in influencing rate of mental ageing is yet to be conclusively demonstrated. ![]() Cognitively stimulating leisure activities have been reported to be associated with reduced risk of developing dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) syndromes ( Verghese, Lipton, et al., 2003 Verghese et al., 2006). population and the attendant increase in diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has heightened public and scientific interest in identifying ways to maintain cognitive vitality and prevent the onset of dementia. Given the wide availability and accessibility of crossword puzzles, their role in preventing cognitive decline should be validated in future clinical trials. Our findings show that late life crossword puzzle participation, independent of education, was associated with delayed onset of memory decline in persons who developed dementia. Inclusion of education or participation in other cognitively stimulating activities did not significantly add to the fit of the model beyond the effect of puzzles. Crossword puzzle participation at baseline delayed onset of accelerated memory decline by 2.54 years. We assessed the influence of crossword puzzle participation on the onset of accelerated memory decline as measured by the Buschke Selective Reminding Test in 101 individuals who developed incident dementia using a change point model. We followed 488 initially cognitively intact community residing individuals with clinical and cognitive assessments every 12–18 months in the Bronx Aging Study. Also, we see that all numbers satisfy the equations horizontally as well.Participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities such as crossword puzzles may delay onset of the memory decline in the preclinical stages of dementia, possibly via its effect on improving cognitive reserve. So, 2 multiplied by 6 minus 5 will get us 7 as in the puzzle. So, we have already figured a 2 vertically. ![]() Now, we solve the third column which should be easy as we have figured out more than 80 per cent of the puzzle, We got two numbers left now: 5 and 6. So, we try several combinations and figure that 8 divided by 4 multiplied by 7 will get us 14 as in the puzzle. ![]() Now, we solve the second column wherein we already have an 8 vertically and a 3 horizontally. Now, moving forward, we got four empty squares and four numbers left (4, 5, 6, 7). Now, our math crossword puzzle looks like this:
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